![]() ![]() Projections that are more complex yield grids in which the lengths, shapes, and spacing of the grid lines vary. The simplest kind of projection, illustrated below, transforms the graticule into a rectangular grid in which all grid lines are straight, intersect at right angles, and are equally spaced. Inverse projection formulae transform plane coordinates to geographic. ![]() The mathematical equations used to project latitude and longitude coordinates to plane coordinates are called map projections. These georeferenced plane coordinates are referred to as projected. ![]() The true geographic coordinates called unprojected coordinate in contrast to plane coordinates, like the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and State Plane Coordinates (SPC) systems, that denote positions in flattened grids. Latitude and longitude coordinates specify positions in a spherical grid called the graticule (that approximates the more-or-less spherical Earth). ![]()
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